Jan 19, 2011 Add Dash of Silicone for Virus-Free Water
Researchers have come up with a simple recipe that turns a common disinfectant into a potent virus killer—and they’re putting the recipe out into the public domain.
Adding silicone to titanium dioxide dramatically increases its ability to degrade aerosol- and water-borne viruses. Full details are reported in the journal Environmental Science and Technology.
“If you’re using titanium dioxide, just take it, treat it for a few minutes with silicone grease or silica or silicic acid, and you will increase its efficiency as a catalyst,” says Andrew Barron, a professor of materials science and chemistry at Rice University.
“We’re taking a nanoparticle that everyone’s been using for years and, with a very simple treatment, we’ve improved its performance by more than three times without any real cost,” adds Barron, who says the discovery’s potential benefits to society as being far more important than any thoughts of commercialization.
Titanium dioxide is used to kill viruses and bacteria and to decompose organics via photocatalysis (exposure to light, usually ultraviolet). The naturally occurring material is also used as a pigment in paints, in sunscreen and even as food coloring.
Barron’s lab uses “a pinch” of silicon dioxide to treat a commercial form of titanium dioxide called P25. “Basically, we’re taking white paint pigment and functionalizing it with sand,” he explains.
Disinfecting a volume of water that once took an hour would now take minutes because of the material’s enhanced catalytic punch, Barron adds. “We chose the Yangtze River as our baseline for testing, because it’s considered the most polluted river in the world, with the highest viral content,” he says. “Even at that level of viral contamination, we’re getting complete destruction of the viruses in water that matches the level of pollution in the Yangtze.”
Using a smaller amount of treated P25 takes longer but works just as well, he said. “Either way, it’s green and it’s cheap.”
The team started modifying titanium dioxide two years ago. Qilin Li, an assistant professor in civil and environmental engineering, approached Barron to help search for new photocatalytic nanomaterials to disinfect drinking water.
The revelation came when students in Barron’s lab heated titanium dioxide. Graduate student and co-author Michael Liga saw the data showing greatly enhanced performance and asked fellow graduate student Huma Jafry what she had done. Jafry, the paper’s first author, said, “I didn’t do anything,” Barron recalls.
When Barron questioned Jafry, who has since earned her doctorate, he discovered she had used silicone grease to seal the vessel of P25 before heating it. Subsequent testing with nonsilicone grease revealed no change in P25′s properties, whether the sample was heated or not.
Remarkably, Barron says, further work with varying combinations of titanium dioxide and silicone dioxide found the balance between the two at the time of the discovery was nearly spot-on for maximum impact.
Binding just the right amount of silica to P25 creates an effect at the molecular level called band bending. “Because the silicone-oxygen bond is very strong, you can think of it as a dielectric,” he says. “If you put a dielectric next to a semiconductor, you bend the conduction and valence bands. And therefore, you shift the absorption of the ultraviolet (used to activate the catalyst).”
Bending the bands creates a path for electrons freed by the UV to go forth and react with water to create hydroxyl radicals, an oxidant responsible for contaminant degradation and the most significant reactive agent created by titanium dioxide. “If your conduction band bends to the degree that electrons find it easier to pop out and do something else, your process becomes more efficient,” Barron says.
Li saw great potential for enhanced P25. In developed countries, photo reactors designed to take advantage of the new material in centralized treatment plants could more efficiently kill bacteria and inactivate viruses in water supplies while minimizing the formation of harmful disinfection byproducts, she says.
But the greatest impact may be in developing nations where water is typically disinfected through the SODIS method, in which water is exposed to sunlight for its heat and ultraviolet radiation.
“In places where they don’t have treatment plants or even electricity, the SODIS method is great, but it takes a very long time to make water safe to drink,” Li says. “Our goal is to incorporate this photocatalyst so that instead of taking six hours, it only takes 15 minutes.”
Barron wants to spread the good news. “Here’s a way of taking what is already a very good environmental catalyst and making it better,” he adds. “It works consistently, and we’ve done batch after batch after batch of it now. The methodology in the paper is the one we routinely use. As soon as we buy P25, we treat it.” (link)